SURVEYING

                                                  SURVEYING

Surveying principles and methods in CIVIL ENGG. Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of points on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements of distance, direction and elevation.

                                      TYPES OF SURVEYING

Surveying may be divided into two general categories.

1. Geodetic surveying

2. Plan surveying.

                                         GEODETIC SURVEYING

is a survey of a large land area in which corrections are made for the curvature of the earth's surface.

                                        PLAN SRVEYING

 Plane surveying is a specific type of surveying where the surface of the earth is considered as plane and the curvature of the earth is not taken into account.

 

                               INSTRUMENT BASED SURVEYING

Based on various types of instruments used, surveying can be classified into six types.

·         Chain surveying.

·         Compass surveying.

·         Plane table surveying.

·         Theodolite surveying.

·         Tacheometric surveying.

·         Photographic surveying